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Playing games

P

I got introduced to poker in 2020 and have taken to this game. You can read the rules of the game here. The rules are quite simple. The richness comes from the lack of perfect information

As the community cards open on the board, one bets not only on one’s own cards but also based on the strength of the opponent’s hand. As the opponent’s hand is hidden from us, we are forced to make probabilistic decisions

As the card are dealt, one makes these decisions based on betting and other actions (called as tells) of the opponent. The beauty of the game is that one can see the result of the decisions quite quickly – in a matter of 5-10 min as the hand is played out. This allows for rapid learning

As you play the game, the parallels with investing/trading become clear. Investing has far more variables and is not the same as poker. That said, both involve decision making under uncertainty

I wanted to share some learnings from the game, as related to investing

  • Losing even when odds are in your favor: Decision making under uncertainty involves making probabilistic decision. Even when the odds are in your favor, the result can go against you. The probability of win could be 60% which is considered high in poker, yet 40% of the time the result will be against you (no surprise there). This happens often and inspite of all the rational thinking such events do upset me. Most other players in poker or investing are not even thinking of probabilities

The key is to focus on the process and not the outcome (easier said than done)

  • Keeping losses low: Odds will often not be in your favor and you will be tempted to make a bet. At such times, folding your hand against all your instincts is the right decision. Making such decisions is never easy as one is losing money – by folding in poker or selling a position in the portfolio. However, such decisions are the key to doing well in the long run.

What ‘feels’ good in the short term is not good for long term results and vice versa. That’s why investing is simple but not easy

  • Know yourself: Some players are aggressive risk taker. They will bluff often and make big bets when odds are slightly in their favor. Other players like me are more conservative. I am constantly calculating the odds and making bets accordingly. I am also focused on not going bust in a game (losing my entire stack). I invest in stocks in the same manner. The only difference in my poker game is that I will occasionally bet high when the odds are really good.

Successful players play to their natural bent of mind, but at the same time should try to do what is not comfortable for them. Combing the right amount of offense and defense is an art and a lifelong process in poker and investing

The difficulty in selling

T

I wrote this note to our subscribers recently. Names of companies are not investment advise and we may or may not hold them in the model portfolio

Hope you find this note useful

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I have identified myself as a buy and hold investor for a long time. I started investing in late 90s and was looking for a guru/north star at that time. This was the start of the internet era and unlike today, there were no online resources on investing

I came across Warren Buffett through a book –  The Warren Buffett way and was hooked by his persona and investment philosophy. As it usually happens, once you admire someone, you tend to follow almost everything they say or do

Buy and Hold (or hope?)

One of the core tenets of Buffett’s philosophy has been buy and hold. I have embraced this philosophy whole heartedly in the last 20 years. Even though there was a degree of blind faith in following this approach, I have been amply rewarded for it

Over the course of time, as I have thought about it, I have realized some nuances to it. This has made me question if buy and hold (as I practice) makes sense in ALL cases

The precondition to the buy and hold philosophy is that you buy a great business with great management and hold for the long term to benefit from compounding. If either condition is not met, one should not buy the business in the first place

I have often made the mistake of defaulting to buy and hold inspite of the management or business being below average instead of selling and moving on

Why is selling tough?

The reason is not difficult to see – selling is tough and there is always regret in hindsight. No matter what logic you use, there is always something to regret about

For example

  • Follow a valuations-based sell approach and you get the case of Vinati organics where one should have done nothing
  • Don’t follow the valuations/stage of the cycle approach and you get Piramal enterprises or Edelweiss where you overstay you position and lose all your gains and some
  • Make a mistake in evaluating a business and don’t exit promptly and you get Shemaroo ent with an 70% loss
  • If you like the business and management, but keep holding on, waiting for the business to turn, you end with an opportunity loss as with Thomas cook (I) ltd
  • Sell early and you may end up with a Balaji amines and miss out on a multi bagger

I cannot think of an example where I did not have any regret. When one faces this situation, the natural tendency is to do NOTHING and hope it will all work out. I am trying to avoid that now

Make mistakes and fix them

We sold IEX and reduced our position in Laurus labs recently. If these stocks keep rising, I will regret selling early. I will make decisions against my natural instincts, expecting to wrong a few times.  If I am wrong, such as in the case of IEX or Laurus labs, we can always turn around and buy the stock again.

If I am accused of flip flopping, I consider that as a compliment. My loyalty is to the portfolio and you (the subscribers) and not to the stock or the company we hold

Ps: In the list of companies above, I have shared the worst of my decisions in the last 10 years. There are more and it’s a long list. You can accuse me of making dumb decisions from time to time, but no one can say that we try to hide them. All my decisions and thinking can be accessed here and my public blog

Checking for survival during Covid

C

In March 2020, during the depth of the Covid crisis, I did a bankruptcy risk analysis of all my positions. I wanted to evaluate, how long these companies would survive, under various lockdown scenarios such as a drop in topline by 50% or zero revenue for an extended period

Although the severity of the crisis turned out to be much lower, there was a non zero probability that the pandemic could get worse and cause a longer shutdown

I used the recent financial results and credit rating report for the analysis. The review was broken down into break even analysis (how long the company could survive on zero revenue) and long term demand/business impact

Getting a grip on the risk

This analysis allowed me to evaluate the risk of individual positions, their correlations and not to panic at the bottom. At the same time, it also prevented me from being sanguine about the risks.

The benefit of this exercise was that i able to avoid selling at the bottom and started adding to the model portfolio in steady /regular fashion from Mid April 2020 as the worst case scenario did not play out. This analysis continued to help me in subsequent waves of the pandemic as I had already done the work of evaluating the worst case scenario

Although this was a stressful exercise done in the middle of all the uncertainty, it allowed me behave more rationally and in a measured fashion. For me, there was never a eureka/light bulb moment when I decided to go all in. As I shared in my earlier post, my top priority was return of capital than return ON capital

Following is a sample of the analysis and are my raw notes. This is no longer in the portfolio (as shared in the prior post – a mistake) and also not a recommendation to buy or sell

April 2020 : Thomas cook (I) ltd [Company is in the travel space – epicentre of the crisis]

Liquidity risk: CRISIL AA-/Negative as of 3/27

Crisil report: Liquidity Strong

Liquidity remains strong, with cash and cash equivalents of Rs 1,724 crore as on December 31, 2019, against repayment obligation of Rs 73 crore over the 12 months till December 31, 2020. Liquidity is driven by the nature of operations with significant advances from customers. Financial flexibility is enhanced by the ability to contract short- and long-term debt at competitive rates. On a standalone level, TCIL has no long-term debt, and working capital limit has been sparsely utilised. Its subsidiaries are expected to service debt through internal accrual and need-based support from TCIL.

CRISIL believes TCIL’s profitability and cash flow metrics could be materially impacted by continued travel restrictions due to prolonged Covid-19 situation.

Cash burn rate: Company has a cash outflow of around 250-300 Crs/ quarter from salaries, overhead and other expenses. Company has used up around 150 crs of surplus cash. Float is likely to drop. With full stoppage of travel company is likely to lose 200 Crs in Q1 and around 200-250 crs in assuming travel starts picking up end of year slowly. Company has cash and equivalent of 1700 crs, free cash of 200 crs (50 crs after buyback) and only 75 Crs of re-payment till end of the year

Assuming 50% drop in topline, company could lose atleast 500-600 Crs this year. Can take on debt of 400-500 crs including loans/ funding from parent to sustain the year. Some recovery could happen in 2021 and 2022 could see return to normalcy

Break even analysis

Company has a GPM of around 25%. Company needs 1200-1400 Crs of cash flow for Break even basis. Based on this, the company will achieve cash flow break even with 25% drop in topline. Due to the severe stoppage of travel and tourism, even this is not likely. Q1 could see almost 70% drop and Q2 could at best be 40% of capacity. Normalcy will only return from Q3 onwards.

In view of this, the company will need close to 800-900 crs of cash flow and will need to take on 500 -700 crs of debt at a minimum to support the operations.

Long term demand/ Business model impact

Short term fragility is from complete stoppage of travel/forex, MICE events etc. Long term risks/ fragility comes from OTL and move to online travel, which for now is lower risk and with tightening of capital, could reduce.

Looks can be deceptive

L

Following is from a note published to subscribers. Hope you find it useful

It may appear that our outperformance is from how well we do in an upcycle. That is not entirely true. let me share some stats

Losing less than the indices

I have no preference for any particular market cap but tend to avoid the smallest companies from a risk and liquidity standpoint. Outside of that, any company is fair game for our portfolio

If you look at the table above, one period of outperformance stands out. In 2018 and 2019, when the market went south, we lost much lesser than the market

We were outperforming when it did not appear that way. Losing less than the market in bear markets is also an achievement, even though it may not appear to be. Some of the subscribers who joined us during this period, threw in the towel before the market turned as they did not agree with that notion.

The period of 2018-2020 was not an easy one. I made some of the worst mistakes of my investing career –  Shemaroo, Edelwiess Financial services and Thomas cook (sat on it for too long). These losses are seared into my memory. When you lose your own money and that of your family, it is not easy to forget

In spite of these mistakes, we lost much lesser than the indices. The key was to keep our heads down, keep working and wait for the tide to turn. It was also important to have some extra cash in place

Regular theme

The last few years are NOT an aberration. This has occurred regularly, and it will occur again. You can take the following as a given

  • We will lose money from time to time, at individual stock and portfolio level, even though I am focused on not losing money, which includes my own
  • There will be long stretches of underperformance with sudden spurts of outperformance
  • Returns will be lumpy and unpredictable
  • If you do not have the patience to stick around, you may exit at the wrong time

Let me share another metric to underscore my point

The model portfolio is up around 50% from 15th Jan 2018 to 30 Jun 2021. What is special about these two dates? The small cap index peaked on first and then went into downturn. It regained this peak again this year.

We are up 50% from peak to peak

The key is to evaluate performance is to do it over a cycle and not from the bottom to the top of a cycle (when everyone looks like a genius) or from top of a cycle to the bottom, when any outperformance is hidden

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